Continguts gramaticals de l'examen B1

Present tenses

• Present Simple
  • for routines or regular repeated actions and events.
  • to talk about general facts
  • with 'state' verbs
  • (see Future Forms below)
  • (see Real Conditionals below)
• Present Continuous
  • for actions happening now, at the time of speaking
  • (see Future Forms below)
• Present Perfect Simple
  • for past experiences without specifying a time
  • for recent past actions without specifying a time
  • to talk about situations that have continued from some time in the past until now
  • unfinished time period
• Present Perfect Continuous
  • to emphasize the length of time of an action that started some time in the past and reaches the present

Past tenses

• Past Simple
  • to talk about events in the past which are now finished
  • to talk about situations and states in the past
  • (see Second Conditional below)
• Past Continuous
  • to talk about an action in progress at a specific time in the past
  • to describe scenes and provide background information in a story
  • to talk about an event that was in progress when another event happened
• Past Perfect Simple
  • to talk about a past event which happened before another past action
  • (see Third Conditional below)

    
Future forms

• Future Simple or will + infinitive
  • for spontaneous or sudden decisions, promises, offers and suggestions
  • for predictions based on an opinion or intuition, but not on evidence
  • in the main clause of First Conditionals (see below)
• be going to + infinitive
  • for plans or decisions made before the moment of speaking, i.e. premeditated plans or intentions.
  • for predictions based on some evidence.
• Present Continuous
  • to talk about personal arrangements, usually involving someone else and specifying when the action is expected to happen.
• Present Simple
  • to talk about timetables and programmes.

The passive

• Passive forms of all the verb tenses shown above. 

Conditional sentences

• A) Real Conditionals (possible situation in the present or in the future)
  • Zero Conditional: If + Present Simple + Present Simple
  • First Conditional: If + Present Simple + will (also be going to and can) + infinitive
• B) Unreal Conditionals (to express hypothesis or impossible situations)
  • Second Conditional (hypothetical or imaginary present or future situation and its consequence): If + Past Simple + would (also could and might) + infinitive
  • Third Conditional (to talk about how things could have been different in the past): If + Past Perfect + would (or could or might) + perfect infinitive

Verb patterns

• Verbs followed by 
  • to + infinitive
  • bare infinitive
  • -ing
  • to + infinitive OR -ing 

Modal verbs

• Advice, obligation, prohibition, permission and probability: should, ought to, must (not), have to, may, might, could, need, used to, etc. 

Reported speech

• Reported statements and questions using say, ask and tell
  He said that he was Scottish
  I asked him if he could help me
  He told me to leave immediately
  Do you know where he went?I wondered what he would say next

Interrogative pronouns

• Where, When, What, What + noun, Why, Who, Whose, Which, How, How much, How many, How often, How long, etc.

Nouns

• Singular and plural, regular and irregular, compounds and Saxon genitive

Pronouns

• Personal (subject, object, possessive)
• Reflexive: myself, etc. 
• Impersonal: it, there
• Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
• Quantitative: one, something, everybody, etc.
• Indefinite: some, any, something, one
• Relative: who, which, that, whom, whose

Adjectives

• Colour, size, shape, quality, nationality
• Predicate and attributive     
• Cardinal and ordinal numbers
• Possessive: my, your, his, her, etc.
• Comparatives and superlatives (regulars and irregular): (not) as ... as, not... enough to, too ... to
• Participles as adjectives
• Compound adjectives

Adverbs

• Regular and irregular
• Mode: quickly, carefully, etc.
• Frequency: often, never, twice a day, etc.
• Time: now, last week, etc.
• Indefinite time: already, just, yet, etc.
• Degree: very, too, rather, etc.
• Place: here, there, etc.
• Directions: left, right, along, etc.
• Sequence: first, next, etc.
• Sentential: too, either, etc.

Prepositions

• Place: on, inside, next to, at, etc.
• Time: at, on, in, during, etc.
• Direction: to, into, out of, from, etc.
• Instrument: by, with
• Prepositional phrases: at the beginning of, by means of, etc.
• Prepositions dependent on nouns and adjectives: good at, afraid of, etc.
• Prepositions dependent on verbs: wait for, ask for, etc.

Conjunctions

• and, but, or, either ... or
• when, while, until, before, after, as soon as
• where
• because, since, as, for
• so that, (in order) to
• so, so ... that, such ... that
• if, unless
• although, while, whereas